6.1 Proyectos de investigación científica
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PublicaciónA contemporary approach to the MSE paradigm powered by Artificial Intelligence from a review focused on Polymer Matrix Composites(Taylor & Francis INC, 2021)
;Gomez, C. ;Guardia, A. ;Mantari, J. L. ;Coronado, A. M.Reddy, J. N.Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a broad discipline that uses powerful algorithms to emulate important aspects of human intelligence. Provided by the Industry 4.0 revolution, AI is increasingly applied in different fields from research to production. One of these fields is Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) which studies the relationships between processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials. The application of AI to MSE has triggered the invention of new materials to satisfy the demanding requirements in myriad sectors through the years. In this context, the MSE paradigm emerged as a framework to define these relationships supported by the available technologies at the corresponding time. This is how Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) were synthesized. During the last years, they have turned from a futuristic solution to a necessity due to the wide range of advantages they offer concerning other conventional materials. The present work presents a modified approach to the MSE paradigm with the application of AI algorithms. An overview of the research advances from 2003 to 2019 in each fundamental link of the proposed MSE paradigm for PMC is exhibited in an organized fashion. This article must serve engineers and scientists working at the intersection of mechanical engineering, materials science and computer science to identify trendy topics in these fields. It aims to represent a starting point for developing innovative methods and proposing new research topics in the framework of the MSE paradigm powered by AI for PMC. -
PublicaciónA review on the negative impact of different elements during cyanidation of gold and silver from refractory ores and strategies to optimize the leaching process(Elsevier Ltd, 2021)
;Larrabure, G.Rodríguez-Reyes, J.C.F.The ongoing depletion of gold and silver-containing ore deposits demands a shift towards the processing of more complex sources. Leaching of gold or silver from these sources, which are named refractory and are typically low-grade, can be complicated due to one or more of the following effects: (1) kinetic or thermodynamic impediments on cyanide diffusion or on the dissolution of minerals, (2) readsorption of leached gold or silver (preg-robbing), and (3) excessive cyanide consumption due to the presence of cyanicidal agents. This article reviews the occurrence of these effects as a function of the elemental composition and compiles strategies to overcome them. The first type of refractory behavior was found to be related to arsenic or antimony sulfides and sulfosalts, manganese oxides, permanganates, iron sulfides, oxides, and hydroxides, tellurides, as well as different sulfur-containing minerals. In general, most kinetic or thermodynamic impediments are addressed by performing intensive grinding and through oxidation processes for sulfides, such as roasting, pressure oxidation, chemical oxidation or biological oxidation. On the other hand, preg-robbing activity was described as common in ores that contain carbonaceous matter, silicates, and sulfides. Strategies to deal with preg-robbing ores often include the destruction or deactivation of the preg-robbing surface, or the addition of another adsorbent to compete with the preg-robber (carbon-in-leach). Finally, cyanicidal agents include sulfides and compounds containing base metals, mainly copper, iron, zinc, and nickel. In the case of sulfides, performing oxidation processes is common, while base metals often require one or more pre-leaching stages in which they can be partially removed from the ore prior to cyanidation. Even though this review intends to serve as a compendium of strategies directed at improving cyanidation processes depending on the nature of the elements present in a feed, a final discussion stressing the importance of developing ore-specific strategies is given. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd -
PublicaciónAdvances in the design and application of transition metal oxide-based supercapacitors(De Gruyter Poland Sp. z o.o., 2021)
;Quispe-Garrido, Vanessa ;Cerron-Calle, Gabriel Antonio ;Bazan-Aguilar, Antony ;Ruiz-Montoya, Jose G. ;Lopez, Elvis O.Baena-Moncada, Angelica M.In the last years, supercapacitors (SCs) have been proposed as a promising alternative to cover the power density deficiency presented in batteries. Electrical double-layer SCs, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) have shown very attractive features such as high-power density, long cycle life, and tunable specific capacitance. The advances of these energy storage devices made by transition metal oxides (TMOs) and their production in pseudocapacitors and HSCs depend on chemical composition, crystalline structure, morphology, theoretical capacitance, and oxidation states. In this way, this critical review considers several metal oxides (RuO2, MnO2, V2O5, and Co3O4) and their different configurations with diverse carbon-based materials. Energy storage mechanisms and fundamental principles to understand the promising effect of metal oxides in SCs devices are thoroughly described. Special attention as regards to the energy storage mechanisms relative to the specific capacitance values is presented in the reviewed articles. This review envisages the TMO as a key component to obtain high specific capacitance SCs. -
PublicaciónCombining ultrasound, vacuum and/or ethanol as pretreatments to the convective drying of celery slices(Elsevier B.V., 2021)
;Miano A.C. ;Rojas M.L.Augusto P.E.D.This work studied three emerging approaches to improve the convective drying (50 °C, 0.8 m/s) of celery. Celery slices of 2 mm thick were pretreated for 5 min using ultrasound (32 W/L, 40 kHz), vacuum (75 kPa vacuum pressure) and ethanol (99.8% v/v, as drying accelerator) applied individually or in combination. To evaluate individual effects of ultrasound and vacuum, the treatments were also performed with distilled water or air medium, respectively. Moreover, the cavitational level was characterized in each condition. Drying kinetics was evaluated tending into account the drying time required by each treatment and the Page's model parameters. In addition, microstructural effects and shrinkage were evaluated. As results, ethanol combined with ultrasound significantly improved drying kinetics reducing drying time by around 38%. However, vacuum pretreatment did not affect drying kinetics even in combination with ethanol and/or ultrasound. Microstructural evaluation did not evidence cell disruption, suggesting changes in intercellular spaces, pores and/or cell wall permeability. The use of ethanol and vacuum showed a greater effect on shrinkage after pretreatment and after drying, respectively. In conclusion, at the studied conditions, the drying acceleration by vacuum and ultrasound is lower compared to the effect produced using ethanol. © 2021 The Authors -
PublicaciónDiagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease in Developed and Developing Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy(IOS PRESS, 2021)
;Chavez-Fumagalli, Miguel A. ;Shrivastava, Pallavi ;Aguilar-Pineda, Jorge A. ;Nieto-Montesinos, Rita ;Davila Del-Carpio, Gonzalo ;Peralta-Mestas, Antero ;Caracela-Zeballos, Claudia ;Valdez-Lazo, Guillermo ;Fernandez-Macedo, Victor ;Pino-Figueroa, Alejandro ;Vera-Lopez, Karin J.Lino Cardenas, Christian L.Background: The present systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy summarizes the last three decades in advances on diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in developed and developing countries. Objective: To determine the accuracy of biomarkers in diagnostic tools in AD, for example, cerebrospinal fluid, positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc. Methods: The authors searched PubMed for published studies from 1990 to April 2020 on AD diagnostic biomarkers. 84 published studies were pooled and analyzed in this meta-analysis and diagnostic accuracywas compared by summary receiver operating characteristic statistics. Results: Overall, 84 studies met the criteria and were included in a meta-analysis. For EEG, the sensitivity ranged from 67 to 98%, with a median of 80%, 95%CI [75, 91], tau-PET diagnosis sensitivity ranged from 76 to 97%, with a median of 94%, 95%CI [76, 97]; and MRI sensitivity ranged from 41 to 99%, with a median of 84%, 95%CI [81, 87]. Our results showed that tau-PET diagnosis had higher performance as compared to other diagnostic methods in this meta-analysis. Conclusion: Our findings showed an important discrepancy in diagnostic data for AD between developed and developing countries, which can impact global prevalence estimation and management of AD. Also, our analysis found a better performance for the tau-PET diagnostic over other methods to diagnose AD patients, but the expense of tau-PET scan seems to be the limiting factor in the diagnosis of AD in developing countries such as those found in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. -
PublicaciónDifferentiating nanomaghemite and nanomagnetite and discussing their importance in arsenic and lead removal from contaminated effluents: A critical review(MDPI, 2021)
;Ramos-Guivar J.A. ;Flores-Cano D.A.Passamani E.C.Arsenic and lead heavy metals are polluting agents still present in water bodies, including surface (lake, river) and underground waters; consequently, the development of new adsorbents is necessary to uptake these metals with high efficiency, quick and clean removal procedures. Magnetic nanoparticles, prepared with iron-oxides, are excellent candidates to achieve this goal due to their ecofriendly features, high catalytic response, specific surface area, and pulling magnetic response that favors an easy removal. In particular, nanomagnetite and maghemite are often found as the core and primary materials regarding magnetic nanoadsorbents. However, these phases show interesting distinct physical properties (especially in their surface magnetic properties) but are not often studied regarding correlations between the surface properties and adsorption applications, for instance. Thus, in this review, we summarize the main characteristics of the co-precipitation and thermal decomposition methods used to prepare the nano-iron-oxides, being the co-precipitation method most promising for scaling up processes. We specifically highlight the main differences between both nano-oxide species based on conventional techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, zero and in-field Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, the latter two techniques performed with synchrotron light. Therefore, we classify the most recent magnetic nanoadsorbents found in the literature for arsenic and lead removal, discussing in detail their advantages and limitations based on various physicochemical parameters, such as temperature, competitive and coexisting ion effects, i.e., considering the simultaneous adsorption removal (heavy metal–heavy metal competition and heavy metal–organic removal), initial concentration, magnetic adsorbent dose, adsorption mechanism based on pH and zeta potential, and real water adsorption experiments. We also discuss the regeneration/recycling properties, after-adsorption physicochemical properties, and the cost evaluation of these magnetic nanoadsorbents, which are important issues, but less discussed in the literature. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. -
PublicaciónDoseresponse effect of black maca (Lepidium meyenii) in mice with memory impairment induced by ethanol(Elsevier, 2011)
;Rubio J. ;Yucra S. ;Gasco M.Gonzales G.F.Previous studies have shown that black variety of maca has beneficial effects on learning and memory in experimental animal models. The present study aimed to determine whether the hydroalcoholic extract of black maca (BM) showed a dose–response effect in mice treated with ethanol 20% (EtOH) as a model of memory impairment. Mice were divided in the following groups: control, EtOH, ascorbic acid (AA) and 0.125, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 g/kg of BM plus EtOH. All treatments were orally administered for 28 days. Open field test was performed to determine locomotor activity and water Morris maze was done to determine spatial memory. Also, total polyphenol content in the hydroalcoholic extract of BM was determined (0.65 g pyrogallol/100 g). Mice treated with EtOH took more time to find the hidden platform than control during escape acquisition trials; meanwhile, AA and BM reversed the effect of EtOH. In addition, AA and BM ameliorated the deleterious effect of EtOH during the probe trial. Correlation analyses showed that the effect of BM a dose-dependent behavior. Finally, BM improved experimental memory impairment induced by ethanol in a dose–response manner due, in part, to its content of polyphenolic compounds. -
PublicaciónEmerging contaminants, SARS-COV-2 and wastewater treatment plants, new challenges to confront: A short review(Elsevier Ltd, 2021)
;Revilla Pacheco C. ;Terán Hilares R. ;Colina Andrade G. ;Mogrovejo-Valdivia A.Pacheco Tanaka D.A.The current pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has put public health at risk, being wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) a potential tool in the detection, prevention, and treatment of present and possible future outbreaks, since this virus enters wastewater through various sources such as feces, vomit, and sputum. Thus, advanced technologies such as advanced oxidation processes (AOP), membrane technology (MT) are identified through a systematic literature review as an alternative option for the destruction and removal of emerging contaminants (drugs and personal care products) released mainly by infected patients. The objectives of this review are to know the implications that the new COVID-19 outbreak is generating and will generate in water compartments, as well as the new challenges faced by wastewater treatment plants due to the change in a load of contaminants and the solutions proposed based on the aforementioned technologies to be applied to preserve public health and the environment. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd -
PublicaciónFamily aggregation of human T-lymphotropic virus 1-associated diseases: A systematic review(Frontiers Media S.A., 2016)
;Alvarez C. ;Gotuzzo E. ;Vandamme A.-M.Verdonck K.Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that produces a persistent infection. Two transmission routes (from mother to child and via sexual intercourse) favor familial clustering of HTLV-1. It is yet unknown why most HTLV-1 carriers remain asymptomatic while about 10% of them develop complications. HTLV-1 associated diseases were originally described as sporadic entities, but familial presentations have been reported. To explore what is known about family aggregation of HTLV-1-associated diseases we undertook a systematic review. We aimed at answering whether, when, and where family aggregation of HTLV-1-associated diseases was reported, which relatives were affected and which hypotheses were proposed to explain aggregation. We searched MEDLINE, abstract books of HTLV conferences and reference lists of selected papers. Search terms used referred to HTLV-1 infection, and HTLV-1-associated diseases, and family studies. HTLV-1-associated diseases considered are adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), HTLV-1-associated uveitis, and infective dermatitis. Seventy-four records reported HTLV-1-associated diseases in more than one member of the same family and were included. Most reports came from HTLV-1-endemic countries, mainly Japan (n = 30) and Brazil (n = 10). These reports described a total of 270 families in which more than one relative had HTLV-1-associated diseases. In most families, different family members suffered from the same disease (n = 223). The diseases most frequently reported were ATLL (115 families) and HAM/TSP (102 families). Most families (n = 144) included two to four affected individuals. The proportion of ATLL patients with family history of ATLL ranged from 2 to 26%. The proportion of HAM/TSP patients with family history of HAM/TSP ranged from 1 to 48%. The predominant cluster types for ATLL were clusters of siblings and parent-child pairs and for HAM/TSP, an affected parent with one or more affected children. The evidence in the literature, although weak, does suggest that HTLV-1-associated diseases sometimes cluster in families. Whether familial transmission of HTLV-1 is the only determining factor, or whether other factors are also involved, needs further research. -
PublicaciónMetabolismo mineral óseo en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica: revisión sobre su fisiopatología y morbimortalidad(Instituto Nacional de Salud, 2015)
;Bernuy, JeanetteGonzales, Gustavo F.La enfermedad mineral ósea (EMO) es un término amplio que incluye a las alteraciones séricas del calcio, fósforo, vitamina D, paratohormona, anormalidades en el crecimiento, mineralización ósea y/o a las calcificaciones extraesqueléticas que acompañan al paciente con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Está presente en casi la totalidad de pacientes en diálisis y con el trasplante renal puede no siempre mejorar. Se han identificado nuevos factores y hormonas; como klotho y factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos-23 (FGF-23) que interactúan con la vitamina D y con la paratohormona en el manejo renal del calcio y fósforo. Ciertos reportes indican que son marcadores precoces del desarrollo de EMO, incluso cuando la función renal está levemente disminuida y los niveles de paratohormona son normales. La EMO ha sido asociada con mayor mortalidad, principalmente por su vinculación con la calcificación vascular. Este proceso conlleva a un incremento de eventos cardiovasculares que constituyen la principal causa de morbimortalidad en pacientes con ERC, sobre todo aquellos que se encuentran en diálisis, independientemente de la modalidad que los pacientes sigan. La forma de presentación de la EMO puede ser de alto o bajo recambio. Aunque no está completamente definido qué es lo que determina que se exprese una en particular, se ha encontrado que la enfermedad de bajo recambio se relaciona con malnutrición, uso inadecuado de calcitriol y diálisis ineficiente. El conocimiento de la EMO es relevante por su asociación con las complicaciones mencionadas y porque constituye un parámetro para evaluar la terapia instalada. -
PublicaciónPromising physicochemical technologies for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment: A critical review(Elsevier Ltd, 2021)
;Hilares R.T. ;Atoche-Garay D.F. ;Pagaza D.A.P. ;Ahmed M.A. ;Andrade G.J.C.Santos J.C.Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSWW) is a serious concern mainly due to the huge generation and associated characteristics of high organic matter and nutrients (N, P) that this contains. Therefore, an understanding development and adaption of an apposite wastewater treatment option focused specifically on PSWW is an absolute need. Recently, innovative physicochemical-based technologies, such as; acid precipitation, electrochemical advanced oxidation, cavitation-based processes and even nanotechnology assisted processes have been reported as prominent alternatives for wastewater treatment. In this article, we performed a systematic literature review and a comprehensive discussion about these technologies, aiming to show them as alternatives for PSWW treatment. Among all discussed technologies, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) was observed as an interesting possibility that can be implemented in combination with other processes for efficient pollutant degradation. It could be, e.g., associated with nanoparticles, nanocomposites and nanobubbles, which are also an interesting alternative to be associated with membranes, generating turbulence, and mitigating problems as fouling. Finally, the wide knowledge about such treatment technologies can offer a more cost-effective PSWW management, thus, allowing an adequate implementation from technical and economical viewpoints. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. -
PublicaciónRecent progress in and prospects for supercapacitor materials based on metal oxide or hydroxide/biomass-derived carbon composites(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021)
;Ruiz-Montoya, Jose G. ;Quispe-Garrido, Lady V. ;Calderon Gomez, J. C. ;Baena-Moncada, Angelica M.Goncalves, Josue M.In the pursuit of high power and energy density electrochemical energy storage technologies, hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) have drawn increasing research attention due to the combination of the outstanding power density of supercapacitive materials with the high energy density of battery-type materials into a single device. At the same time, many efforts are underway to design effective electrode materials which exhibit good electrical conductivity and abundance, as well as having low cost with easily controllable intrinsic properties. Among various electrode materials, biomass-derived carbon has attracted considerable attention because of the abundance, low cost, environment friendliness and promising electrochemical properties. Furthermore, biomass carbon-based materials in combination with metal oxides/hydroxides with synergetic effects for supercapacitor applications have been a trend in recent years as high-performance electrode materials. Therefore, in this review we focus on the recent progress and current trends in biomass carbon-based composites containing mono-, bi- and trimetallic metal oxides and hydroxides for supercapacitor applications, highlighting the top 5 composites based on mono- and bimetallic oxides and hydroxides. Finally, the prospects and possible future directions are discussed. -
PublicaciónSoot modeling in turbulent diffusion flames: review and prospects(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021)
;Valencia S. ;Ruiz S. ;Manrique J. ;Celis C.Figueira da Silva L.F.This work reviews the state of the art of the main soot modeling approaches used in turbulent diffusion flames. Accordingly, after a short introduction about the subject addressed here, the main soot formation mechanisms are described next. This description provides the basis for the discussions about the different soot modeling techniques employed nowadays for soot predictions. Since combustion and radiation models have a significant impact on soot predictions, as a consequence of the strong coupling between chemistry, turbulence and soot formation, a general overview about these models is also provided. For the sake of clarity, the main soot formation models reviewed in this work are classified as semiempirical soot precursor models and detailed ones. Both advantages and disadvantages of the referred soot modeling approaches are properly discussed. In the last part of this review, comparative results obtained using some of the main soot models currently available are presented along with a discussion about the prospects for soot modeling in turbulent flames. Finally, some conclusions and references are provided. Overall, based on the literature reviewed, it is concluded that there is yet a long path to be followed before understanding first and having then a soot model able to properly describe the formation of this critical pollutant for a variety of situations of industrial interest. © 2021, The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. -
PublicaciónType 3 secretion system as an anti-Pseudomonal target(Academic Press, 2021)
;Horna G.Ruiz J.Type 3 secretion systems (T3SSs) are a series of mechanisms involved in bacterial pathogenesis. While Pseudomonas aeruginosa only possess one T3SS, it plays a key role in the virulence of P. aeruginosa virulence. This finding suggests that T3SS impairment may be an alternative for antimicrobial agents, allowing P. aeruginosa infections to be directly combated avoiding antimicrobial pressure on this and other microorganisms. To date, different approaches have been proposed, including T3SS inhibition, vaccination strategies, development of anti-T3SS antibodies and gene silencing. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd -
PublicaciónType 3 secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(Elsevier GmbH, 2021)
;Horna G.Ruiz J.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, mainly affecting severe patients, such as those in intensive care units (ICUs). High levels of antibiotic resistance and a long battery of virulence factors characterise this pathogen. Among virulence factors, the T3SS (Type 3 Secretion Systems) are especially relevant, being one of the most important virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. T3SS are a complex “molecular syringe” able to inject different effectors in host cells, subverting cell machinery influencing immune responses, and increasing bacterial survival rates. While T3SS have been largely studied and the molecular structure and main effector functions have been established, a series of questions and further points remain to be clarified or established. The key role of T3SS in P. aeruginosa virulence has resulted in the search for T3SS-targeting molecules able to impair their functions and subsequently improve patient outcomes. This review aims to summarise the most relevant features of the P. aeruginosa T3SS. © 2021 Elsevier GmbH -
PublicaciónUltrasound processing of fruits and vegetables, structural modification and impact on nutrient and bioactive compounds: a review(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2021)
;Rojas M.L. ;Kubo M.T.K. ;Caetano-Silva M.E.Augusto P.E.D.This review presents an updated analysis regarding the application of ultrasound technology in fruits, vegetables and their derivatives. The relationship among structure, processing, the quantity and quality of nutrients and bioactive compounds are discussed. Initially, we discussed the effect of ultrasound processing on the structure of the matrices at tissues, cells and molecules levels, also considering the different factors that influence the reported responses. Subsequently, the effect on nutrients and bioactive compound quantity (concentration) and quality (bioaccessibility ? bioavailability ? bioactivity) is evaluated. Ultrasound processing resulting in tissues and cell disruption, fibre breakage, isomerisation, micellisation, among other modifications, improving the extractability of compounds and/or resulting in their degradation. Moreover, the obtained new matrix interacts differently with the human body, affecting the compound accessibility, which can be increased. In conclusion, different possibilities are discussed regarding using ultrasound processing to enhance healthy aspects of plant-based food products. © 2021 Institute of Food Science and Technology -
PublicaciónWhole Blood Mycobacterial Growth Assays for Assessing Human Tuberculosis Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis(FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2021)
;Bok, Jeroen ;Hofland, Regina W.Evans, Carlton A.Background Whole blood mycobacterial growth assays (WBMGA) quantify mycobacterial growth in fresh blood samples and may have potential for assessing tuberculosis vaccines and identifying individuals at risk of tuberculosis. We evaluated the evidence for the underlying assumption that in vitro WBMGA results can predict in vivo tuberculosis susceptibility. Methods A systematic search was done for studies assessing associations between WBMGA results and tuberculosis susceptibility. Meta-analyses were performed for eligible studies by calculating population-weighted averages. Results No studies directly assessed whether WBMGA results predicted tuberculosis susceptibility. 15 studies assessed associations between WBMGA results and proven correlates of tuberculosis susceptibility, which we divided in two categories. Firstly, WBMGA associations with factors believed to reduce tuberculosis susceptibility were statistically significant in all eight studies of: BCG vaccination; vitamin D supplementation; altitude; and HIV-negativity/therapy. Secondly, WBMGA associations with probable correlates of tuberculosis susceptibility were statistically significant in three studies of tuberculosis disease, in a parasitism study and in two of the five studies of latent tuberculosis infection. Meta-analyses for associations between WBMGA results and BCG vaccination, tuberculosis infection, tuberculosis disease and HIV infection revealed consistent effects. There was considerable methodological heterogeneity. Conclusions The study results generally showed significant associations between WBMGA results and correlates of tuberculosis susceptibility. However, no study directly assessed whether WBMGA results predicted actual susceptibility to tuberculosis infection or disease. We recommend optimization and standardization of WBMGA methodology and prospective studies to determine whether WBMGA predict susceptibility to tuberculosis disease.