5.1 Proyectos de Innovación y transferencia tecnológica
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PublicaciónA methodology for managing public spaces to increase access to essential goods and services by vulnerable populations during the COVID-19 pandemic(Emerald Group Holdings Ltd., 2021)
;Regal Ludowieg A. ;Ortega C. ;Bronfman A. ;Rodriguez Serra M.Chong M.Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present a spatial decision support system (SDSS) to be used by the local authorities of a city in the planning and response phase of a disaster. The SDSS focuses on the management of public spaces as a resource to increase a vulnerable population’s accessibility to essential goods and services. Using a web-based platform, the SDSS would support data-driven decisions, especially for cases such as the COVID-19 pandemic which requires special care in quarantine situations (which imply walking access instead of by other means of transport). Design/methodology/approach: This paper proposes a methodology to create a web-SDSS to manage public spaces in the planning and response phase of a disaster to increase the access to essential goods and services. Using a regular polygon grid, a city is partitioned into spatial units that aggregate spatial data from open and proprietary sources. The polygon grid is then used to compute accessibility, vulnerability and population density indicators using spatial analysis. Finally, a facility location problem is formulated and solved to provide decision-makers with an adaptive selection of public spaces given their indicators of choice. Findings: The design and implementation of the methodology resulted in a granular representation of the city of Lima, Peru, in terms of population density, accessibility and vulnerability. Using these indicators, the SDSS was deployed as a web application that allowed decision-makers to explore different solutions to a facility location model within their districts, as well as visualizing the indicators computed for the hexagons that covered the district’s area. By performing tests with different local authorities, improvements were suggested to support a more general set of decisions and the key indicators to use in the SDSS were determined. Originality/value: This paper, following the literature gap, is the first of its kind that presents an SDSS focused on increasing access to essential goods and services using public spaces and has had a successful response from local authorities with different backgrounds regarding the integration into their decision-making process. © 2021, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
PublicaciónA new species of Monodelphis (Mammalia: Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) from the montane forests of central Peru(BioOne, 2012)
;Solari, S ;Pacheco, V ;Vivar, EEmmons, LHWith more than 20 recognized species, Monodelphis is the most species-rich genus of living Didelphidae. Recent research on these opossums revealed additional species from Perú and Venezuela, and herein we describe a new species from the montane forests of the eastern slope of the central Andes in Perú. -
PublicaciónAnalysis of Possible Triggering Mechanisms of Severe Thunderstorms in the Tropical Central Andes of Peru, Mantaro Valley(MDPI, 2019-06-01)
;Flores Rojas, José Luis ;Moya Álvarez, Aldo Saturnino ;Kumar, Shailendra ;Martínez Castro, Daniel ;Villalobos Puma, Elver EdmundoSilva Vidal, YaminaThe aim of the present study is to analyze the triggering mechanisms of three thunderstorms (TSs) associated with severe rainfall, hail and lightening in the tropical central Andes of Peru, specifically above the Huancayo observatory (12.04 ∘ S, 75.32 ∘ W, 3313 m a.s.l.) located in the Mantaro valley during the spring-summer season (2015–2016). -
PublicaciónArticle analysis of extreme meteorological events in the central andes of peru using a set of specialized instruments(MDPI AG, 2021)
;Flores-Rojas, J. L. ;Silva Y. ;Suárez-Salas L. ;Estevan R. ;Valdivia-Prado J. ;Saavedra M. ;Giraldez L. ;Piñas-Laura M. ;Scipión D. ;Milla M. ;Kumar, S.Martinez-Castro D.A set of instruments to measure several physical, microphysical, and radiative properties of the atmosphere and clouds are essential to identify, understand and, subsequently, forecast and prevent the effects of extreme meteorological events, such as severe rainfall, hailstorms, frost events and high pollution events, that can occur with some regularity in the central Andes of Peru. However, like many other Latin American countries, Peru lacks an adequate network of meteorological stations to identify and analyze extreme meteorological events. To partially remedy this deficiency, the Geophysical Institute of Peru has installed a set of specialized sensors (LAMAR) on the Huancayo observatory (12.04◦ S, 75.32◦ W, 3350 m ASL), located in the Mantaro river basin, which is a part of the central Andes of Peru, especially in agricultural areas. LAMAR consists of a set of sensors that are used to measure the main atmosphere and soil variables located in a 30-meter-high tower. It also has a set of high-quality radiation sensors (BSRN station) that helps measure the components of short-wave (SW) (global, diffuse, direct and reflected) and long-wave (LW) (emitted and incident) irradiance mounted in a 6-meter-high tower. Moreover, to analyze the microphysics properties of clouds and rainfall, LAMAR includes a set of profiler radars: A Ka-band cloud profiler (MIRA-35c), a UHF wind profiler (CLAIRE), and a VHF wind profiler (BLTR), along with two disdrometers (PARSIVEL2) and two rain gauges pluviometers. The present study performs a detailed dynamic and energetic analysis of two extreme rainfall events, two intense frost events, and three high-pollution events occurring on the Huancayo observatory between 2018 and 2019. The results show that the rainfall events are similar to the 1965–2019 climatological 90th percentile of the daily accumulated rainfall. The results also highlighted the patterns of reflectivity in function of height for both events, which is measured by highlighting the presence of convective and stratiform rainfall types for both events. The first intense rainfall event was associated with strong easterly circulations at high levels of the atmosphere, and the second one was associated with the presence of strong westerly circulations and the absence of BH-NL system around the central Andes. The first frost event was mainly associated with continuous clear sky conditions in the few previous days, corresponding to a radiative frost event. The second one was mainly associated with the intrusion of cold surges from extra-tropical South America. For both events, the energy budget components were strong-lower in comparison to the mean monthly values during early morning hours. Finally, for the high pollution events, the study identified that the main source of aerosols were the forest fires that took place in Peru with certain contributions from the fires in the northern area of Bolivia. © MDPI AG. All rights reserved. -
PublicaciónAutomatic classification of pediatric pneumonia based on lung ultrasound pattern recognition(Public Library of Science, 2018)
;Correa M. ;Zimic M. ;Barrientos F. ;Barrientos R. ;Román-Gonzalez A. ;Pajuelo M.J. ;Anticona C. ;Mayta H. ;Alva A. ;Solis-Vasquez L. ;Figueroa D.A. ;Chavez M.A. ;Lavarello R. ;Castañeda B. ;Paz-Soldán V.A. ;Checkley W. ;Gilman R.H.Oberhelman R.Pneumonia is one of the major causes of child mortality, yet with a timely diagnosis, it is usually curable with antibiotic therapy. In many developing regions, diagnosing pneumonia remains a challenge, due to shortages of medical resources. Lung ultrasound has proved to be a useful tool to detect lung consolidation as evidence of pneumonia. However, diagnosis of pneumonia by ultrasound has limitations: it is operator-dependent, and it needs to be carried out and interpreted by trained personnel. Pattern recognition and image analysis is a potential tool to enable automatic diagnosis of pneumonia consolidation without requiring an expert analyst. This paper presents a method for automatic classification of pneumonia using ultrasound imaging of the lungs and pattern recognition. -
PublicaciónCharacterization of bacillus isolates of potato rhizosphere from Andean soils of Peru and their potential PGPR characteristics(Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia, 2010)
;Calvo, P ;Ormeno-Orrillo, E ;Martinez-Romero, EZuniga, DBacillus spp. are well known rhizosphere residents of many crops and usually show plant growth promoting (PGP) activities that include biocontrol capacity against some phytopatogenic fungi. Potato crops in the Andean Highlands of Peru face many nutritional and phytophatogenic problems that have a significant impact on production. In this context is important to investigate the natural presence of these microorganisms in the potato rhizosphere and propose a selective screening to find promising PGP strains. In this study, sixty three Bacillus strains isolated from the rhizosphere of native potato varieties growing in the Andean highlands of Peru were screened for in vitro antagonism against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani. A high prevalence (68%) of antagonists against R. solani was found. Ninety one percent of those strains also inhibited the growth of F. solani. The antagonistic strains were also tested for other plant growth promotion activities. Eighty one percent produced some level of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid, and 58% solubilized tricalcium phosphate. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of the strains belonged to the B. amyloliquefaciens species, while strains Bac17M11, Bac20M1 and Bac20M2 may correspond to a putative new Bacillus species. The results suggested that the rhizosphere of native potatoes growing in their natural habitat in the Andes is a rich source of Bacillus fungal antagonists, which have a potential to be used in the future as PGP inoculants to improve potato crop. -
PublicaciónClimatology of extreme cold events in the central Peruvian Andes during austral summer: origin, types and teleconnections(Wiley, 2018-10)
;Sulca, Juan ;Vuille, Mathias ;Roundy, Paul ;Takahashi, Ken ;Espinoza, Jhan‐Carlo ;Silva, Yamina ;Trasmonte, GraceZubieta, RicardoThe climatological and large-scale characteristics of the extreme cold events (ECEs) in the central Peruvian Andes (Mantaro basin (MB)) during austral summer (January–March) are examined using reanalysis, gridded and in situ surface minimum temperature (Tmin) data for the 1979–2010 period. -
PublicaciónDataset on the first weather radar campaign over Lima, Peru(Elsevier Inc., 2021)
;Valdivia J.M. ;Scipión D.E. ;Milla M. ;Prado J.J. ;Espinoza J.C. ;Cordova D. ;Saavedra M. ;Villalobos E. ;Callañaupa S.Silva Y.The first weather radar campaign over Lima, the capital of Peru, a desertic area on the western side of the Peruvian Andes, was carried out to study the occurrence of rain events in summer 2018. The weather radar was installed strategically and was able to overlook three river basins: Rimac, Chillón, and Lurin. An X-band radar (PX-1000) was used, which operates at 9.55 GHz. PX-1000 was built by the Advanced Radar Research Center (ARRC) at the University of Oklahoma (U.S.A.). The radar operated from January 26th to April 1st, 2018, at Cerro Suche located 2910 m ASL and 55 km from the city of Lima. The PX-1000 performed plan-position-indicators (PPI) for elevations starting at 0° up to 20°. The data presented here were obtained using a three-dimensional constant-altitude plan-position-indicator (3D CAPPI), which was generated by high resolution (250 m) nearest point algorithm. © 2021 -
PublicaciónDevelopment and preliminary validation of an automatic digital analysis system for animal fibre analysis(African Journals Online (AJOL), 2017-11-09)
;Quispe, M. D. ;Benavidez, G. ;Sauri, R. A. ;Bengoechea, J. J.Quispe, E. C.New equipment was designed and developed to evaluate the physical characteristics of animal fibres, based on an automatic digital analysis system (ADAS) that allows the capture of a series of real-time images. In the development of the mechanical component, a design tool was used that allows visualization, simulation, and documentation of the product. -
PublicaciónDirect determination of pyrazinamide (PZA) susceptibility by sputum microscopic observation drug susceptibility (MODS) culture at neutral pH: The MODS-PZA assay(American Society for Microbiology, 2020)
;Alcántara R. ;Fuentes P. ;Marin L. ;Kirwan D.E. ;Gilman R.H. ;Zimic M.Sheen P.Pyrazinamide (PZA) is considered the pivot drug in all tuberculosis treatment regimens due to its particular action on the persistent forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, no drug susceptibility test (DST) is considered sufficiently reliable for routine application. Although molecular tests are endorsed, their application is limited to known PZA resistance associated mutations. Microbiological DSTs for PZA have been restricted by technical limitations, especially the necessity for an acidic pH. Here, for the first time, MODS culture at neutral pH was evaluated using high PZA concentrations (400 and 800 _g/ml) to determine PZA susceptibility directly from sputum samples. Sputum samples were cultured with PZA for up to 21 days at 37°C. Plate reading was performed at two time points: R1 (mean, 10 days) and R2 (mean, 13 days) for each PZA concentration. A consensus reference test, composed of MGIT-PZA, pncA sequencing, and the classic Wayne test, was used. A total of 182 samples were evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity for 400 μg/ml ranged from 76.9 to 89.7 and from 93.0 to 97.9%, respectively, and for 800 μg/ml ranged from 71.8 to 82.1 and from 95.8 to 98.6%, respectively. Compared to MGITPZA, our test showed a similar turnaround time (medians of 10 and 12 days for PZAsensitive and -resistant isolates, respectively). In conclusion, MODS-PZA is presented as a fast, simple, and low-cost DST that could complement the MODS assay to evaluate resistance to the principal first-line antituberculosis drugs. Further optimization of test conditions would be useful in order to increase its performance. Copyright © 2020 Alcántara et al. -
PublicaciónDiseño, desarrollo y evaluación preliminar de un novedoso monitor de signos vitales llevable para vacunos(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Vicerectorado de Investigacion, 2019-03-04)
;Quispe Bonilla, Max ;Poma Gutiérrez, Adolfo ;Serrano-Arriezu, Luis ;Led Ramos, SantiagoQuispe Peña, EdgarEl monitoreo de los diferentes signos vitales en vacunos tiene importancia desde el punto de vista productivo, sanitario y de bienestar animal; sin embargo, existen pocos equipos que tengan el potencial de uso a nivel de campo y que no sean invasivos. Por tal motivo se llevó a cabo el presente trabajo con la finalidad de diseñar, construir y evaluar el uso de un pequeño MOnitor de SIgnos VItales LLevable (MOSIVILLe), que sea capaz de capturar las señales vitales en vacunos bajo condiciones de campo. -
PublicaciónDiurnal cycle of raindrops size distribution in a valley of the peruvian central Andes(MDPI AG, 2020)
;Villalobos-Puma, E. ;Martinez-Castro D. ;Flores-Rojas, J. L. ;Saavedra-Huanca M.Silva-Vidal, Y.In the Central Andes of Peru, convective and stratiform rainfall occurs, frequently associated with convective storms. The raindrop size distributions (RSD), measured by a Parsivel-2 optical disdrometer, were characterized by the variation of their normalized parameters. The RSD dataset includes measurements corresponding to 18 months between 2017 and 2019. As a result, it was found that the mass-weighted mean diameter Dm and the Nw parameter present respectively high and low values, in the interval of 15-20 LST (local standard time), wherein deeper and more active clouds appear. The events including convective rainfall contribute 67.5% of the accumulated total, wherein 92% corresponds to the 15-20 LST interval. It is concluded that the spectral variability of the RSD is strongly controlled by the cloudiness configuration field developing over the west (convection over highlands) and east (convection over Amazon) sides of the valley. In the afternoon, clouds develop and drift to the east, over the Andean valleys and towards the Amazon, intensified by local orographic circulation. The opposite happens at night, when the stratiform rainfall is dominant and it is controlled by clouds, located in the Inter-Andean valley, generated by the convection fields formed over the Amazon forest. © 2019 by the authors. -
PublicaciónDNA aptamers for the recognition of HMGB1 from Plasmodium falciparum(Public Library of Science, 2019)
;Joseph D.F. ;Nakamoto J.A. ;Garcia Ruiz O.A. ;Peñaranda K. ;Sanchez-Castro A.E. ;Castillo P.S.Milón P.Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) for malaria are restricted to a few biomarkers and antibody-mediated detection. However, the expression of commonly used biomarkers varies geographically and the sensibility of immunodetection can be affected by batch-to-batch differences or limited thermal stability. In this study we aimed to overcome these limitations by identifying a potential biomarker and by developing molecular sensors based on aptamer technology. Using gene expression databases, ribosome profiling analysis, and structural modeling, we find that the High Mobility Group Box 1 protein (HMGB1) of Plasmodium falciparum is highly expressed, structurally stable, and present along all blood-stages of P. falciparum infection. To develop biosensors, we used in vitro evolution techniques to produce DNA aptamers for the recombinantly expressed HMG-box, the conserved domain of HMGB1. An evolutionary approach for evaluating the dynamics of aptamer populations suggested three predominant aptamer motifs. Representatives of the aptamer families were tested for binding parameters to the HMG-box domain using microscale thermophoresis and rapid kinetics. Dissociation constants of the aptamers varied over two orders of magnitude between nano- and micromolar ranges while the aptamer-HMG-box interaction occurred in a few seconds. The specificity of aptamer binding to the HMG-box of P. falciparum compared to its human homolog depended on pH conditions. Altogether, our study proposes HMGB1 as a candidate biomarker and a set of sensing aptamers that can be further developed into rapid diagnostic tests for P. falciparum detection. © 2019 Joseph et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. -
PublicaciónEffect of microstructure on the abrasive wear properties of infiltrated tungsten alloys(Elsevier, 2002)Caceres P.G.Tungsten-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) were produced by compacting tungsten powder followed by infiltration with liquid 56Cu–43Zn–1Sn and 60Cu–40Ag. It was found that higher tungsten contents were associated with improved wear resistance. This effect, however, is small compared to the effect of different infiltrant alloys.
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PublicaciónEffect of the addition of two superoxide dismutase analogues (Tempo and Tempol) to alpaca semen extender for cryopreservation(Elsevier, 2013)
;Santiani Acosta A. ;Evangelista Vargas S. ;Valdivia Cuya M. ;Risopatrón González J.Sánchez Gutiérrez R.The main objective was to study the effects, on sperm function, of the addition of two superoxide dismutase (SOD) analogues (Tempo and Tempol) to alpaca semen extender for cryopreservation. Twelve alpaca semen samples were collected using an artificial vagina and then diluted at a 1:3 ratio in an extender based on skim milk, egg yolk, and fructose. -
PublicaciónEmpirical–statistical downscaling of austral summer precipitation over south america, with a focus on the central peruvian andes and the equatorial amazon basin(American Meteorological Society, 2020)
;Sulca J. ;Vuille M. ;Timm O.E. ;Dong B.Zubieta R.Precipitation is one of the most difficult variables to estimate using large-scale predictors. Over South America (SA), this task is even more challenging, given the complex topography of the Andes. Empirical–statistical downscaling (ESD) models can be used for this purpose, but such models, applicable for all of SA, have not yet been developed. To address this issue, we construct an ESD model using multiple-linear-regression techniques for the period 1982–2016 that is based on large-scale circulation indices representing tropical Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and South American climate variability, to estimate austral summer [December–February (DJF)] precipitation over SA. Statistical analyses show that the ESD model can reproduce observed precipitation anomalies over the tropical Andes (Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia), the eastern equatorial Amazon basin, and the central part of the western Argentinian Andes. On a smaller scale, the ESD model also shows good results over the Western Cordillera of the Peruvian Andes. The ESD model reproduces anomalously dry conditions over the eastern equatorial Amazon and the wet conditions over southeastern South America (SESA) during the three extreme El Niños: 1982/83, 1997/98, and 2015/16. However, it overestimates the observed intensities over SESA. For the central Peruvian Andes as a case study, results further show that the ESD model can correctly reproduce DJF precipitation anomalies over the entire Mantaro basin during the three extreme El Niño episodes. Moreover, multiple experiments with varying predictor combinations of the ESD model cor-roborate the hypothesis that the interaction between the South Atlantic convergence zone and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean provoked the Amazon drought in 2015/16. © 2021 American Meteorological Society. -
PublicaciónEtiology of acute pneumonia syndrome in beef cattle in Lima [Etiología del síndrome neumónico agudo en vacunos de engorde en Lima](Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2000)
;Zanabria V. ;Rivera H.G.Rosadio R.A.Clinical-, serological and pathological examinations were conducted on twenty feedlot cattle with acute pneumonia from the Department ofLima, in order to determine the etiology ofthe disease. Prior to sacrifice ali the animals were monitored for clinical signs and sera samples taken for serological testing. At postmortem, ali affected lungs were examined grossly and pathological samples were taken to identify viral agents by direct immunoflourescence and/or bacteriological isolation, as well as for histopathological studies. -
PublicaciónEvaluating soil rhizobacteria for their ability to enhance plant growth and tuber yield in potato(Wiley, 2010)
;Oswald, A ;Velez, PC ;Davila, DZPineda, JAThe objectives of this study were to identify promising microorganisms to improve potato productivity in low-input systems of tropical highlands and to compare results from in vitro, greenhouse and field experiments to advance the development of a screening method for rhizobacteria and develop an efficient assessment of their effect on plant growth in field conditions. A total of 150 bacterial strains were screened in vitro, in greenhouse and field trials. -
PublicaciónEvidence of nonlinear Walker circulation feedbacks on extreme El Nino Pacific diversity: Observations and CMIP5 models(WILEY, 2021)Sulca, JuanThe Walker circulation (WC) is essential for the formation and diversity of El Nino events. However, the nonlinear WC feedback during extreme Central and Eastern El Nino episodes (C and E episodes, respectively) has received little attention. This study used observational datasets and the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) and historical simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Eight out of 21 historical models that simulate the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) nonlinearity also simulate the nonlinear Bjerknes feedback in C and E episodes. The opposite does not necessarily occur. However, the underestimation of E might limit the empirical determination. Moreover, few historical models simulate the shallow conditional instability of the second kind (CISK) mechanism. Positive C episodes feature an eastward shift in the ascending branch of the Pacific Walker cell (PWC), while shallow convection prevails over the far-eastern Pacific (FEP). Positive E events feature two anomalous ascending branches located over the central-western Pacific (170 degrees W) and FEP (80 degrees W). Positive anomalies in sea surface temperature over the FEP induce the second ascending branch. The positive stratification anomaly in the central Pacific Ocean, which is associated with overestimated Ekman feedback, limits the eastward displacement of the first ascending branch of the PWC. The net surface heat flux determines the duration of growth of the two ascending branches of the PWC during C and E events. Because of their coarse resolution, the historical models underestimate the positive stratification anomaly in the FEP, causing the quick demise of the second ascending branch.
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PublicaciónFabrication of ultra-sharp tips from carbon fiber for scanning tunneling microscopy investigations of epitaxial graphene on 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) surface(Elsevier Ltd, 2015)
;Morán Meza J.A. ;Lubin C. ;Thoyer F. ;Villegas Rosales K.A. ;Gutarra Espinoza A.A. ;Martin F.Cousty J.The fabrication of ultra-sharp tips from carbon fiber (CF), which are mounted on a qPlus probe for combined dynamic scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) experiments, is reported. The carbon fiber tips were electrochemically etched in a KOH or NaOH solution, using different electronic devices. CF tips with an apex radius ∼10 nm, as deduced from the measured slopes of the Fowler–Nordheim plots (kR < 70 nm for k ∼ 6), were routinely obtained with a homemade electronic device that controls the intensity of the etching current. Then, these conductive CF tips were also characterized by imaging the 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) surface covered by an epitaxial graphene layer in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). The lattice of the R30° reconstruction was regularly imaged by STM working either in non-oscillating mode or in dynamic mode, which also maps the variations of the force gradient. From these measurements with a constant mean-tunneling-current of 20 pA, it was found that the STM tip suffered variations of the tip/surface force gradient in between 8.25 and 16.50 N/m when it scanned the epitaxial graphene layer on the reconstructed 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) surface.